Fig. 1

Marker-trait associations (MTAs) for the plasticity of total root length (pTRL). a Histogram plot highlighted the frequency distribution of log-transformed data of total root length (TRL). The blue and red color lines in the middle of plot indicate the mean and median of the data set, respectively. b Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plot indicates the efficiency of GWAS P-values of PRL, Y-axis: observed -log₁₀ (P-value) and X-axis expected –log₁₀ (P-value). c Rectangular Manhattan plot from association mapping of pTRL with a mixed linear model (MLM) considered the kinship and population structure matrix, Y-axis: -log₁₀ (P-value) and X-axis: the entire 21 chromosomes of the wheat genome. The red SNPs above the black line indicated the significant SNPs which passed the threshold level at P ≤ 0.0001. The black SNPs above the dotted black line represented all the SNPs that did not reach the threshold level. d, f and h The linkage disequilibrium (LD) map expressing the peak region on chromosome 1 A, 2 and 3 A, respectively. Pair-wise LD map between SNP markers is denoted by D' values, dark red represents 1, whereas white for 0. The region surrounded by the dark dotted line represents LD blocks that harbor significant SNPs. e, g and i Phenotypic comparison of the haplotype groups established for the significant SNPs as detected by LD block. Different letters indicate statistical difference at P < 0.05, n indicates the number of genotypes representing each specific haplotype