Figure 1

(a) Three permanent alternative male reproductive morphs of ruff ( Philomachus pugnax ) associated with territorial lekking behaviour and plumage colour. Pictured bottom left: territorial dark-plumed ‘Independent’; bottom middle: female mimic ‘Faeder’; bottom right: non-territorial white-plumed ‘Satellite’; top middle: female (photos by L.L.F and S.B.M). (b) On a captive lek, the independent and satellite males are displaying (right) with the faeder male near by (left) (photo by S.B.M).